Egyptian funerary religion
Hathor
Tirard illustrates Hathor giving drink to the deceased while discussing divine food as protection against harm. Nourishment is part of safe passage, rather than an incidental comfort. Her account also records lists in which Hathor replaces Nephthys in the Ennead. This variation shows that a divine grouping need not have one immutable membership across surviving sources.
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In the sources
Principal account
TraditionalTirard illustrates Hathor giving drink to the deceased while discussing divine food as protection against harm. Nourishment is part of safe passage, rather than an incidental comfort.
Further detail
TraditionalHer account also records lists in which Hathor replaces Nephthys in the Ennead. This variation shows that a divine grouping need not have one immutable membership across surviving sources.
Context & interpretation
Tirard’s 1910 account interprets selected funerary texts and rituals through the scholarship of her period. Local cults and surviving manuscripts vary; her comparisons and proposed origins are not a modern Egyptological consensus.
Original passages
Source 1
The Book of the Dead
Lanzone [Diz. Egiz.). Fig. 21.—The Goddess Hathor giving Drink to the Deceased.Open this page in the book
Passage & edition details
Location recorded at citation review: Egyptian funerary religion; active reader leaf 89
Exact passage checked against active scan text and original-leaf mapping; scan line breaks normalised.
- Edition
- IMJ-0039-E001
- Reader page
- IMJ-0039-E001-P0089
- Original scan leaf
- 99
- Recorded leaf number
- 89
- Current Reader position
- 82
- Reader verification
- Matches the reviewed Reader
- Location review
- Original scan location confirmed against the reviewed Reader mapping; the earlier recorded number is retained above.
Source 2
The Book of the Dead
Set is replaced by Horus, and the goddess Nephthys by Hathor. Keb and Nut, the earth and the sky, are generally represented as pre-eminently theOpen this page in the book
Passage & edition details
Location recorded at citation review: Egyptian funerary religion; active reader leaf 103
Exact passage checked against active scan text and original-leaf mapping; scan line breaks normalised.
- Edition
- IMJ-0039-E001
- Reader page
- IMJ-0039-E001-P0103
- Original scan leaf
- 113
- Recorded leaf number
- 103
- Current Reader position
- 96
- Reader verification
- Matches the reviewed Reader
- Location review
- Original scan location confirmed against the reviewed Reader mapping; the earlier recorded number is retained above.
Continue exploring
Geb
Earth god named Keb in the scanned funerary account.
Shared source pageEnnead of Heliopolis
Nine gods arranged as a creation family, with variant lists.
Same subject and traditionAnubis
Guardian of the mummy and guide into the judgment hall.
Same subject and traditionAtum
The self-emerging creator called Tum by Tirard, rising from primordial water in the Heliopolitan creation account.