Egyptian funerary religion
Negative Confession
The deceased denies specific wrongs before the divine jury. Tirard’s selected statements concern violence, lies, theft, dishonest measurement, neglect, and interference with the resources of others. Several prohibitions concern irrigation and access to water. The text’s moral world is therefore not only abstract: livelihood and responsibility to neighbors are embedded in the judgment.
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In the sources
Principal account
TraditionalThe deceased denies specific wrongs before the divine jury. Tirard’s selected statements concern violence, lies, theft, dishonest measurement, neglect, and interference with the resources of others.
Further detail
TraditionalSeveral prohibitions concern irrigation and access to water. The text’s moral world is therefore not only abstract: livelihood and responsibility to neighbors are embedded in the judgment.
Context & interpretation
Tirard’s 1910 account interprets selected funerary texts and rituals through the scholarship of her period. Local cults and surviving manuscripts vary; her comparisons and proposed origins are not a modern Egyptological consensus.
Original passages
Source 1
The Book of the Dead
he must call each of the forty-two gods to witnessOpen this page in the book
Passage & edition details
Location recorded at citation review: Egyptian funerary religion; active reader leaf 149
Exact passage checked against active scan text and original-leaf mapping; scan line breaks normalised.
- Edition
- IMJ-0039-E001
- Reader page
- IMJ-0039-E001-P0149
- Original scan leaf
- 159
- Recorded leaf number
- 149
- Current Reader position
- 140
- Reader verification
- Matches the reviewed Reader
- Location review
- Original scan location confirmed against the reviewed Reader mapping; the earlier recorded number is retained above.
Source 2
The Book of the Dead
I divide not an arm of the water in its courseOpen this page in the book
Passage & edition details
Location recorded at citation review: Egyptian funerary religion; active reader leaf 151
Exact passage checked against active scan text and original-leaf mapping; scan line breaks normalised.
- Edition
- IMJ-0039-E001
- Reader page
- IMJ-0039-E001-P0151
- Original scan leaf
- 161
- Recorded leaf number
- 151
- Current Reader position
- 142
- Reader verification
- Matches the reviewed Reader
- Location review
- Original scan location confirmed against the reviewed Reader mapping; the earlier recorded number is retained above.